Sergio Pandolfi 1,2, Salvatore Chirumbolo 3,*, Marianno Franzini 1,2, Umberto Tirelli 4, Luigi Valdenassi 1,2
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a major concern for human health worldwide. Emergencies in this field include wide repertories of studies dealing primarily with CVD prevention. In addition to dietary habits and lifestyles, medical knowledge is fully needed to improve public educational programs toward cardiovascular risk factors and to enrich the endowment of pharmaceutical options and therapies to address CVDs, particularly for ischemic damage due to an impairment in the endothelial–myocardial relationship. Because ozone is a stimulator of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide pathway, ozone therapy has been widely demonstrated to have the ability to counteract endothelial-cardiac disorders, providing a novel straightforward opportunity to reduce the impact of CVDs, including atrial fibrillation. In this review, we attempt to establish a state-of-the-art method for the use of ozone in CVD, suggesting that future remarks be addressed to provide fundamental insights into this issue. The purpose of this study was to highlight the role of ozone in the adjunctive medical treatment of cardiovascular pathologies such as acute myocardial infarction due to ischemic disorders.
Keywords: acute myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, autohemotherapy, ischemia, ozone therapy, ozone, SIOOT, stroke
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the Global Burden of Disease study estimated that at least 17.8 million deaths by the last five years are associated with CVD.1,2 Among these cases, at least 50% were ischemic heart disease (IHD) and 35% were strokes.1 Therefore, IHD has been the most common cause of death in Europe since the 1980s.1,2,3,4 In Italy, the prevalence of CVD has been estimated to be twofold higher than the global estimated prevalence (12.9% vs. 6.6%); however, when evaluations were corrected for age confounders, estimates were similar (6.2% vs. 6.3%).4 The major burden of CVD is represented by IHD, with a prevalence estimated to be 3.6% in Italy and 1.7% in an age-standardized evaluation, a value representing a crucial health alarm, as doubling the corresponding global estimation (1.7%).4
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